August 2008

DEFINITION:

an earthquake, Earthquake or earthquake is a shaking of the earth's crust caused by sudden processes taking place inside the earth, and often produces landslides, cracks, etc.

real focus or hypocenter of an earthquake, is usually between 5 and 30 km deep (only in exceptional cases becomes 700 km deep).
hypocenter vertical point above the surface is called EPICENTER. The hypocenter
originate longitudinal and transverse waves, which extend in all directions, but more quickly longitudinal and transverse. The difference in time that there is possible to determine the distance from the seismic focus and allows an analysis of the structure of the crust.

Depending on the distance from observation point to the epicenter of local earthquake is spoken in the immediate vicinity; close (up to 1000 kms away) and distant (teleseismic) (over 1000 kms).
According to the cause that we talk about earthquake causes tectonic earthquake and earthquakes volcanic collapse. The most common are tectonic earthquakes (90%) occurring in the tectonic zones of weakness, especially in the belts of young tertiary folds.

What is an Earthquake?

An earthquake is caused by a sudden shaking on a fault. The pressures in the upper layers of the Earth push the ends of each other failures.
As pressures grow and the rocks were mobilized to release energy in the form of waves, travels through the earth's crust and cause the shaking we feel. The earthquake itself occurs when the tectonic plates are compressed each other.

man usually does not cause earthquakes, but earthquakes have been documented induced by human activity at several sites in the United States, Chile, Japan and Canada. The cause of these phenomena has been the injection of waste into deep wells, oil drilling and the use of wells for drinking water.

Most of the tremors caused by man were minor movements. Has not established a link between human activities and earthquakes, this includes underground atomic explosions.

Earthquakes are part of global tectonic processes that often escape the influence or control of humans. The point of origin of an earthquake is usually tens or hundreds of miles underground. The scale and strength necessary to produce earthquakes are well beyond our daily lives.

The most devastating earthquake ever recorded occurred in Chile on May 22, 1960. Had a magnitude of 9.5 on the Richter scale.
other hand, Antarctica is the continent where there are fewer earthquakes, but can occur anywhere in small quakes.

Despite what many think, in the course of the last thirty years has been declining the number of earthquakes occurring in the global arena. However, an increase in seismic activity is no indication that a major earthquake is coming, nor indicated the absence of seismic activity.

INTERIOR OF THE EARTH

About five billion years the Earth was formed, from the massive conglomeration of stellar material. The heat energy released by this event melted the entire planet and started a cooling process that continues today. Denser materials such as iron, went to the center of the Earth, while lighter, such as silicates, compounds of oxygen and water rose to the surface. The Earth was divided into four layers as well: the center itself, the outer layer of the center, the mantle and crust.

The center is composed almost entirely of iron and is so hot that its outer layer is melted and consists in a tenth of sulfides. The central mass of the center is under such pressure that remains solid despite temperatures generated there.
Most of the mass of the Earth is in the mantle, composed of iron, magnesium, aluminum, silicon and oxygen compounds. With an average temperature of 1,000 degrees Celsius, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly like a plastic.

The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers and is composed of dense mineral mixtures between predominantly calcium, sodium and silicate minerals from aluminum. While it is relatively cool, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes. Human life develops on the earth's crust.
The tectonic plates are the outer parts of the Earth. There producenlos tectonic movements that cause earthquakes and volcanoes.

FAULTS
For its part, faults are fractures or fracture zones between two boulders. The flaws allow the blocks to move. These movements occur rapidly and are what we call earthquakes.

Faults range in size from a few millimeters to hundreds of kilometers. Most faults produce successive displacements are calculated in geologic time. When an earthquake rocks a part of the fault suddenly slips into another. The fault surface can be horizontal or vertical or have an arbitrary angle.

failure to classify the scientists use the angle to the surface and the direction of slip along the fault. There are faults that move in the direction of the plane of the corner, others move horizontally. Others, however, have movements that are a mixture of both faults are oblique. THE REPLICA

Earthquakes occur in the crust or upper mantle, ie from within the Earth's surface up to 800 kilometers deep.
Earthquakes occur on faults and occur when the rock part of the fault slips over another, either by following a particular angle or on a horizontal axis.

Aftershocks are smaller earthquakes that occur after a powerful earthquake occurred whose occurrence can last days or years until the seismic activity again becomes "normal" for the area in question. Therefore, the frequency of aftershocks decreases over time. Historically, the replicas are more common and likely shallow earthquakes, which have their source at depth of 30 km or less-than deep source earthquakes.

Earthquakes are unpredictable

There is no information that anyone has ever predicted an earthquake. Nor has a clear idea of \u200b\u200bhow such a prediction could be achieved, but from the scientific information you can calculate the probability that an earthquake occurring in the future.

Given the current inability to predict earthquakes, prevention efforts focus on improving structures and systems disaster mitigation, not the design of prediction programs.

Moreover, although there have been changes in the behavior of animals prior to the occurrence of a phenomenon of this kind are not used to predict an earthquake, since not been able to establish a direct connection between the phenomenon and changes in pets or farm animals.

The tremors are continuing on the earth's crust has been observed that for every tremor of magnitude 6 are produced, on average, ten of magnitude 5, a hundred of magnitude 4 and a thousand earthquakes of magnitude 3 and so on until reaching movements imperceptible to the common people. This could be interpreted as if they occurred many small tremors would be making up for the lack that, for the proper accommodation of tectonic plates, makes a great quake.

Not so. The force released by an earthquake of magnitude 6-that is, slightly less than occurred in Puerto Plata, is a thousand times higher than a phenomenon of magnitude 4 or even more, 32,000 times greater than that released by a magnitude 3.

has tried the technique of injecting fluids "lubricants" in the fault lines in order to delay or prevent the occurrence of an earthquake, but the result has been the opposite: when material is injected such earth shaking reacted more quickly than if no action had been made "retarder."

has also been talked about a climate conducive to the occurrence of earthquakes. In the fourth century BC Aristotle proposed that earthquakes were caused by winds trapped in subterranean caves. It was thought the tremors were caused by air currents that move the roofs of caves, while large earthquakes were caused by the air force pounded the roofs of the caves in an attempt to come to the surface. This theory led to believe that there was a "climate for earthquakes," which should be warm and quiet at the moment prior to the occurrence of an earthquake. A more recent theory stated that earthquakes occurred with cloudy skies and were preceded by strong winds and meteorites.

Actually, there is no relationship between earthquakes and weather.
Earthquakes are caused by geological processes that occur beneath the surface of the earth and may occur in any weather and at any time of year, day or night. The wind, rain, temperature and atmospheric pressure affect only the surface and the more superficial layers of the Earth, while the earthquakes originate at depths beyond the scope of the forces of climate and, in the same way, the forces that give rise to earthquakes are much more powerful than those that give rise to variations in climate.

Similarly, earthquakes can not change the weather, but the elevation of the earth and its shape, its morphology. The tremors can cause changes in the geographical layout of whole areas, so places that were at some distance from water bodies in coastal areas become, or vice versa. So take millions of years for earthquakes cause a change in climatic conditions.

however, have been observed some correlations, small but of some significance, between the movements of the tides, caused by the gravitational influence of the moon, and the frequency of occurrence of aftershocks telluric in some volcanic regions.
Earthquakes are not responsible for the formation of volcanoes, can occur in an area before, during or after a volcanic eruption, but are caused by active forces related to the eruption.

What is a Tsunami?

A tsunami, a huge wave caused by sudden vertical movement of a large area on the seabed during a tidal wave. In the open ocean, a tsunami do not happen to a foot high, but can travel up to one hundred kilometers. The distance that a tsunami travels decreases as it decreases the depth of water that carries it. In the central Pacific Ocean, where water depth is about five kilometers, the speed of a tsunami can reach almost 700 km per hour. When a tsunami approaches the coast increases the height of the wave, which can reach 80 feet.

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